Rhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy - 1364 Words

Rhetorical Paper I choose to pick John F. Kennedy as my rhetoric candidate, Because I felt that John.F Kennedy was very effective and confident in answering the questions. I felt Kennedy’s overall target audience are those who believe in freedom and those who supports the Democratic party. Also, people who agree that the Congress should give medical aid to the aged, a comprehensive minimum hourly wage bill, and federal aid to education. I feel that the purpose and goal that Kennedy wanted to accomplish is to make America strong by promoting freedom, good leadership, and getting other countries to view America as a strong country just as China and Khrushchev as Kennedy stated â€Å"I want people in Latin America and Africa and Asia to start to†¦show more content†¦I felt that Nixon used statements made from Kennedy in the past about raising teachers’ salaries and instead of answering the question with his own knowledge he based his answer around Kennedys opinions as Nixon stat es â€Å"There is another point that should be made. I favor higher salaries for teachers. But, as Senator Kennedy said in January of this year in this same press conference, the way that you get higher salaries for teachers is to support school construction, which means that all the local school districts in the various states then have money, which is freed to raise the standards for teachers salaries.† I felt that Nixon had an ineffective approach in answering this question because he used Kennedy’s thoughts on raising teacher salary instead of his own. Nixon then moves into logos when he mentions how the teacher salary increases â€Å"Teachers salaries very fortunately have gone up fifty percent in the last eight years as against only a thirty-four percent rise for other salaries.† He then goes into pathos when he disagrees with the teacher salary increase and states he wishes it was more. â€Å"This is not enough; it should be more.† I found this s tatement ineffective because even though Nixon disagrees with how much teachers make he had voted against increasing teacher’s salary as he states â€Å"I think that the reason that I voted against having the federal government, uh - pay teachers salaries was probably the very reason that concerned Senator Kennedy whenShow MoreRelatedThe Rhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy839 Words   |  4 Pages On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy became the youngest man to possess presidency in the United States of America. As a young, wealthy man Kennedy rapidly climbed the political ladder by initially representing a working class Boston district in the United States Congress, then continuing on to the House of Representatives, followed by the United States Senate, and ending with the victorious defeat of his presidential opponent, to become the 35th president of the United States. AccordingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Speech1405 Words   |  6 PagesMadinger Composition 1 26 October 2015 We Choose to go to the Moon Rhetorical Analysis There are many things that a speech must contain to make it a well written and spoken speech. John F. Kennedy s speech he gave on September 12th 1962, titled â€Å"Address at Rice University on the Nation s Space Efforts†, better known as â€Å"We Choose to go to the Moon† contains many of the important factors of a successful speech. Kennedy used rhetorical strategies and skills to help him influence the American peopleRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address971 Words   |  4 PagesA Rhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address By 1961, The United States of America was struggling with racial tension and social inequalities, while fighting communism internationally and protecting the public from the weapons and devices of our adversaries abroad. Confusion and fear had invaded the minds of the American people as the cold war neared its pinnacle; they were desperate for a strong, reassuring leader. John F. Kennedy provided this reassurance when he addressed the nationRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pages NOT PRIDE BUT FREEDOM: Rhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Tanner A. Woody Anderson University On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered a speech with a backdrop of snow and a twenty-degree wind blowing in his face in Washington D.C. In his speech, he starts off with saying that his victory is not for a party but it is for freedom. At the climax of his speech, JFK delivers a call to action which is also the most well-known line from his speech:Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address892 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessfully covey messages to their audience. John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, Severn Cullis-Suzuki’s Address to the Plenary Session, Earth Summit and Charlie Chaplin’s Let us all unite, all provide excellent examples of a distinctive voice. Each of these distinctive voices is formed through the use of emotive language, tone, repetition and rhetorical devices. JFK’s, Inaugural address states President Kennedy’s vision and mission for his term in office. Kennedy discusses important topics such as humanRead MoreEssay about John F. Kennedy Analysis704 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Leah Moore JFK Inaugural Address Analysis President John F. Kennedy gave his inaugural address on a January afternoon in 1961. His speech includes many rhetorical devices—included to help convey Kennedy’s subject to his audience. The subject is that human rights are determined by God, rather than the government. Some rhetorical devices Kennedy uses are parallelism, anaphora, and hortative sentences. John F. Kennedy’s use of rhetorical devices within his inaugural address help him convey his messageRead MoreJfk Inaugural Speech Rhetorical Analysis Essay729 Words   |  3 PagesJohn F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech is certainly one to remember. It’s memorable not for its length, but for the effective content that it beholds. He entices readers by the use of strong rhetoric techniques. His inaugural analyzes style of writing, such as diction, tropes, schemes, and syntax, and applies the concept of it effectively throughout the speech. A reader performs rhetorical analysis to examine how authors attempt to persuade their audiences by looking at the various components that makeRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Jfk Inaugural Address1414 Words   |  6 PagesJFK Inaugural Address Rhetorical Analysis On Friday, January 20, 1961, in the midst of physical cold and mental Cold War fears, John F. Kennedy gave his inaugural address to the citizens of America and the world, assuring his audience that peace will prevail, and that America, as a unified superpower, will lead the world once again into a new era of peace. His speech, infused with rhetorical appeals, has an anxious and discontent tone, calling for change and the implementation of his vision. ToRead MoreJFK inaugural Address853 Words   |  4 Pages Rhetorical Analysis on JFK’s Inaugural Address Majority of the people know the eminent line â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you- ask what you can do for your country† (Kennedy). That is indubitably one of the most well known segments of his speech, however, there are other parts that made it memorable. He knew he was not only speaking to America, but other countries as well. His speech keeps the audience both focused on what is important and understanding of the point he is trying to makeRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1441 Words   |  6 PagesAddress of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very important for the countries future. In John F. Kennedy’s

A Comparative Analysis of Armies of the Night and The...

Taken at face value, Norman Mailer’s Armies of the Night and Tom Wolfe’s The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test may seem very similar. They are both centered on a major author of the 1960s and his experiencing of historical events of the time, while set in the style of New Journalism. When examined closer, though, it becomes apparent that these novels represent two very different sides of New Journalism – Armies of the Night an autobiography with personal and political motivations, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test a sociological piece which tries to capture the essence of its subjects rather than the absolute facts. By looking at the form and style which the novels were written in and the motives behind Mailer’s Armies of the Night and Wolfe’s The†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The opening pages of chit chat, the reply to Time magazine, the celebrity-talk about Lowell, Macdonald, Goodman, the fierce competitiveness – all this tells us from the beginning that this is Mailer’s story† (Dickstein 149). By choosing to depict acts in which he took part and from his point of view Mailer is able to make the validity of his statements implicit – he actually saw what he is writing about. At the same time though, questions of how much Mailer’s bias is affecting the novel are raised. Mailer is able to address these questions of possible bias by making it exceedingly obvious when his bias is at play. As Hellmann notes, â€Å"Calling himself ‘the Novelist’ and self-consciously using the contrivances of novelistic form, Mailer makes us view the facts of his work as both reliable (in that we are fully shown their source in his firsthand observation) and doubtful (in that we are constantly reminded that they result merely from such observation)† (39). Instead of trying to hide this bias, Mailer uses it to further strengthen his work. An example of Mailer’s use of bias is in his description of the US Marshals he saw while waiting on the bus which would take him to prison, he begins with â€Å"their faces are considerably worse than he had expected† and â€Å"they had the kind of faces which belong to bad guys in a Western† (150). This establishes Mailer’s biased view of the US Marshals and â€Å"by providing these

Principles of Informed Care on Mental Health Status Free Samples

Question: Discuss Principles Of Informed Care On Mental Health Status? Answer: Introduction Trauma informed care perspective Trauma informed care is an evidence base approach that builds on the understanding and reacting on trauma that involves the social, physical, psychological and emotional safety for victims involved. The recognition of people having different traumas in life is referring to as trauma informed care. Traumatic victims often need the moral support and upbeat for the task. Trauma informed care thus refer to the orientation in the human and social services in which a component of any system are considered., assessed and arranged in an organized manner in an understanding the role the violence plays in the lives of the people seeking services, (MHCC, 2013). The dynamics of trauma and the role it plays in consumer populations. The human service systems like the alcohol and drug users and the mental health service often seek treatment for trauma not knowing that trauma has occurred. Understanding the role played by violence and victimization in the lives of the consumers plays a significant r ole in trauma care., there is need for designing services that are geared towards accommodating trauma survivors and service delivery, (Harris Fallot, 2001b p.4). Thus system change ought to be reflected in the service delivery and placed in the systematic change. The elements of understanding the principles of trauma informed care is crucial in understanding the impact of trauma. Trauma issues are often expressed as possibility in lives of clients and patients. Trauma exists in the individual setting in any service given thus recognized as the central principle in organizing care, (Kezelman Stavropoouls, 2012). This paper summarizes the informed care to the victims experiencing it and the system put in place to provide the service system needed for this category of people for the purpose of providing trauma informed care. Trauma informed care on policy action The development of trauma informed care is paramount in studying the relationship it has on trauma victims and drug abuse on the needs needed to be developed. a study by Jennifer (2004), developed principles and services that are important in understanding the trauma informed care, include safety from physical harm , understanding clients and their symptoms, opening genuine collaboration between provider and consumer, emphasis on skill building, understanding symptoms, view of trauma and experience that build it and focus son what is happening to person rather than the person itself. Trauma informed care has always been attached on the relationship between mental health and sexual victimisation like gender, power and disenfranchisement. (Thurp Furnham, 2014). Trauma informed care has emerge to be an issue in implementation of effective and contemporary mental health and pose a challenges to nurses in providing mental health to the patient, this presents the need for growing awarenes s of the benefits of trauma informed care for the victims, (Muskett, 2014). Practice systems thus needs to be incorporated in the systems level, thus it must go beyond practise of skills and training to practitioners. The trauma informed care has been implemented into the systems and organisational models in practice. The three distinct levels of practice of trauma are, trauma integrated interventions which refer to therapeutic and clinical interventions for the consumers and victims, in which the impacts of trauma and violence are incorporated into the program. The incorporation of trauma informed organizational and service models with an aim to change the operational and cultural constructs in the organisation or at the systems set up and finally the trauma specific interventions designed to counter trauma symptoms. The broader understanding of systems change in different environments to develop the understanding of the trauma symptoms which have been implemented.. There is need f or implementing the interventions based on informed care which have comprehensive care, be able to be integrated in the clinical and organization levels, being able to deliver trauma informed care and co-operates social responsibility involvement, (Hunnington et al., 2005). The systems change for trauma informed care has developed advances in US compared to other countries, (Muskett, 2014;van Veen Lafreniere, 2012). There has been concerns on the need for prevention of training for trauma informed care and practice among the practitioners at a national level in the co-ordination approach for reforms of practice and policyHealthcare development. For a paradigm change to trauma informed health care and service system, there is need to support key constructs, (Jennings, 208; MHCC 2013). The administrative policies involved include; action towards government policy and responsibly for change of system, boost hiring and staff retention with education background, engage models for support of trauma informed services and implementation of proven trauma practices , support service models that incorporate trauma awareness in work force and support for models that support integrate core system care. The systems change shift to consumers with mental health is crucial. Systems have two or more parts that relate to one another. It may be used to refer to social and organizational states for cases like service delivery, (Foster-Fishman et al., 2007). Principles of trauma care have been advanced to mental health issues as systems change paradigm. This change has been viewed as how things are being done, viewed or health issues being handled, (Foster-Fisherman et al., 2007). Trauma informed practices have been practised now more than the past. Any institution that is trauma informed has the ability to know the impacts of trauma and be able to realize different displays and symptoms of trauma among the specific target group and gives a respond by inco-operating knowledge on policies, regulations and practices and fight to manage the re-occurrence of trauma among the patients, (SAMHSA, 2014). Principles of informed care on mental health status The principles that have advanced for trauma informed care include; safety, trustworthiness, peer support, building partnerships, empowerment and self support and cultural, historical and gender related issues. Safety concerns dictate that staff and consumers should feel safe psychologically. Safety incorporates utilising controls over the environment and eventually decreasing the risks associated, (Almazar Sims, 2016). A work place environment that has the ability to offer psychological safety offers a shared belief of being safe through the protection by the management. This has been illustrated in situations such as when the management hears the concerns of staff with empathy and shows sympathy to them at low moments with consumers alike gives them the needed support and eventually psychological satisfaction and peace they deserve. Transparency principle dictates that the organisations activities be done in an open way in a manner that builds the trust. It is important for consumers and staff in organisations. The management must be able to show the direction of the institution that illustrates the principles of trauma informed care practice, (NETI, 2005). Open communication builds on nurturing relation between the leadership and staff, thus in organizational changes the principles of trauma care practice must informed the policies and regulations being followed. A case example is when senior management circulates a memo to staff concerning the changes made in the organization and reasoning behind the changes in a manner that shows openness is likely to be reflected in the manner the staff will treat the management. Peer mentoring and support to staff is essential for the mental health status. Mentoring and support mechanism is crucial in building safety, hope and building trust amongst the employees and the management, (SAMHSA, 2014). Staffs need to go deeper in supporting process and structures. Peer efforts and mentoring are important in building workplace resilience with broader sense of community reception. This has been displayed in cases where the management is congratulating the staff for job well done or even taking them for lunch or dinner session as a way of mentor ship and support. In an organization there is need for building partnerships and collaborations towards effectiveness of the institution. It has been effective in cases where you are effecting culture change in the workplace. In the workplace all the behaviour has a meaning in the trauma informed care. Staff have to be appreciated for practices that trauma informed practice, (MHCC et al., 2013). This can be represented in cases like sharing of governance and power. Building of empowerment network for the organisation and staff is key. It needs to strengthen services to foster empowerment. Rolling out empowerment is key towards building organizational resilience. Trauma informed care facilitates the shift to empowerment and nurturing of skills among the staff and should be given priority in the organization. Leadership has the role of enabling staff empowerment through acts such as engaging in meaningful actions like asking the consumers their likes and dislikes on the products or service they need. The organisation development has to shift focus from cultural stereotyping towards a gender responsive approach which offers traditional connections towards the cultural perspective. Trauma informed care has the ability to offer cultural shift is replicated in cases like change in language use. Shift in language use enables assessment in from a trauma informed care. An example of such illustration is by asking questions such as, what is wrong with him shifts to question like, what has happened to him. Conclusion In building informed nursing practice care, it is paramount to recognise the special needs of different subsets of people in provision of care. Mental status of customers and staff alike play a crucial role for the delivery of effective service. Trauma informed care practices in the medical field shows that trauma related concern can be managed effectively with appropriate and effective approach on physical and mental state towards building appositive outcome. In building on the constructs of principles in informed are practice is essential in mental health and possible shift in policy change for the benefit of consumers. References Almazar R Sims B 2016, SAMHSA's National Center for Trauma Informed Care Training, held at the University of South Australia May 2016. Fallot, R. D., Harris, M. (2002). The trauma recovery and empowerment model (TREM): Conceptual and practical issues in a group intervention for women. Community Mental Health Journal, 38(6), Foster-Fishman, P., Behrens, T. R. (2007). Systems change reborn: Rethinking our theories, methods, and efforts in human services reform and community-based change. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(3-4), 191-196. Harris, M., Fallot, R. D. (2001a). Designing traumainformed addictions services. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 2001(89), 57-73. Huntington, N., Jahn Moses, D., Veysey, B. M. (2005). Developing and implementing a comprehensive approach to serving women with co-occurring disorders and histories of trauma. Journal of Community Psychology, 33(4), 395-410 Jennings, A. (2004). Models for developing traumainformed behavioral Healthcare systems and trauma-specific services. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors475-485. Kezelman, C., Stavropoulos, P. (2012). The last frontier: Practice guidelines for treatment of complex trauma and trauma informed care and service delivery. Kirribilli, NSW: Adults Surviving Child Abuse. Mental Health Co-ordinating Council (MHCC), Bateman J, Henderson C Kezelman C 2013, Trauma informed care and practice: Towards a cultural shift in policy reform across mental health and human services in Australia - a national strategic direction: position paper and recommendations of the National Trauma Informed Care and Practice Advisory Working Group, MHCC, Lilyfield, Muskett, C. (2014). Trauma-informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23(1), 51-59 National Executive Training Institute (NETI) 2005, Training curriculum for reduction of seclusion and restraint. Draft curriculum manual, National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD), National Technical Assistance Center for State Mental Health Planning (NTAC), Alexandria, VA. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 2014, SAMHSAs Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA14-4884/SMA14-4884.pdf

Madbury vs. Madison Essay Example

Madbury vs. Madison Essay President Adams appointed William Marbury to the position of justice of the peace in 1801. However, Marbury failed to receive his commission before the end of the Adams Administration. The new Jefferson administration had ordered the secretary of state (James Madison) not to deliver Marburys commission. By the Judiciary Act of 1789, Marbury sued Madison in the Supreme Court seeking a writ of mandamus forcing Madison to deliver Marburys commission.Issues: 1) Whether Marbury has a right to his commission. 2) Whether the law supplies a way to realize this right. 3) Whether the Supreme Court can lawfully issue a writ of mandamus to Madison. Reasoning: (Marshal) 1) Marbury does have legal right to his commission because it was issued by the President and sealed by the Secretary of State. This is confirmed by the act of 1801 when Marburys position in office was created and confirmed by the senate. ) Once Marbury was appointed to office, the position was signed and sealed, thus completing the appointment process. Denial of commission then becomes a violation of the law. It is not in the Presidents discretionary power to deny this commission. Thus, a remedy may be realized in the form of a writ of mandamus. 3) Issuing a writ of mandamus would be in conflict with original and appellate jurisdiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Madbury vs. Madison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Madbury vs. Madison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Madbury vs. Madison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The writ of mandamus demands an original action by a court of law, forcing an officer of the government to perform some specific duty.However, Article III section 2 of the Constitution limits the Supreme Courts jurisdiction to cases concerning foreign ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and to cases in which the state is a party. Neither Marbary nor Madison are a party to any of those categories. Significance: This case is significant because it is the first example of the Supreme Court exercising judicial review to deem a provision of federal law as being invalid.This decision set into place the doctrine of judicial review. This gives the Supreme Court the authority to declare statutes unconstitutional. Thus, legislature can not pass laws contradictory to the constitution. Because it is the Supreme Courts role to interpret laws and resolve conflicts between them, the Supreme Court must have the power to interpret the Constitution and decide if a law passed conflicts with it. Marshall exercised a great deal of constitutional logic when exercising the judicial review.

The Last Day of High School The First Day of the Rest of My Life Essay Example For Students

The Last Day of High School The First Day of the Rest of My Life Essay The last day of my high school career is fast approaching and I can only imagine how Ill be feeling when I step out of S.F. Austins grounds for the very last time. Throughout these four years, I have felt a lot of urgency about graduating high school. I didnt think that the time to graduate would come soon enough. But now, that time is finally nearing. I cannot believe that it has come this fast. I remember my first days of high school. I was just dying to experience all the new and exciting things that awaited me. From sports to girls to all the partying, I just wanted to know what everything was like. And now that Ive done all those things and many more, I am about to embark on a new adventure that will take me to many more new experiences. Some say that high school was the best time of my life, just like others say that high school was the worst time in their lives. To be honest, I am not sure which category I fall into. Ive had plenty of good times, as well as just as many bad times, in high school. The only thing I can say is that I learned. And the most important thing is that, not just that I learned through the books, but I learned about life and the road ahead of me. We will write a custom essay on The Last Day of High School The First Day of the Rest of My Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now From being an inexperienced freshman to a somewhat mature senior, things have really changed for me. I started high school as a brash and cocky athlete, dying to conquer the world, which I did not know much about. I will leave high school as a world-weary senior, knowing that there are many dangers to encounter in the real world. Realistically, I do not know what the world out there holds for me. All I can do is enter it with a guarded optimism and hope for the best.

Clyde Barrows Letter to Henry Ford

Clyde Barrow's Letter to Henry Ford Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker are infamous for their two-year crime spree from 1932 until their deaths in a hail of bullets in 1934. More amazing than his novice murders and robberies was Clydes uncanny ability to evade the police even when he was surrounded. Part of Clydes ability to evade capture was in his skill as a driver, while the other part was most definitely in the choices of cars that he stole. Quite often, Clyde would be in a car that could out maneuver and out run any of the police cars that attempted to follow him. Additionally, living a life on the run meant that Clyde and Bonnie spent days and even weeks at a time in their car while traveling long distances and sleeping in their car at night. Clyde Barrow and the Ford V-8 The car that Clyde preferred, one that offered both speed and comfort, was the Ford V-8. Clyde was so thankful for these cars that he wrote Henry Ford a letter on April 10, 1934. The letter read: Tulsa, Okla10th AprilMr. Henry FordDetroit Mich.Dear Sir: While I still have got breath in my lungs I will tell you what a dandy car you make. I have drove Fords exclusively when I could get away with one. For sustained speed and freedom from trouble the Ford has got ever other car skinned and even if my business hasent been strickly legal it dont hurt anything to tell you what a fine car you got in the V8 Yours trulyClyde Champion Barrow Over the years, many have questioned the authenticity of Clydes letter to Henry Ford, based on a discrepancy over handwriting. The letter is currently on display at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.

Assingment 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assingment 2 - Assignment Example Transformational leaders give attention to the concerns and development needs of individual followers. A good situation when contemporary leadership strategy was used is a company that trained staff in reading and understanding its financial statements and how they directly relate to their work. Employees from all sectors were encouraged to study the company books and financial statements. This policy extension was to go hand in hand with all employees in groups and discuss what the future meant, in particular, how they related to the work that they were doing and eventually to the big picture of profitability of the organization. In this situation, leaders used several development levels and styles. First, leaders were passionate and energetic in all they did. They showed lots of care to employees and urge to see them succeed. This is evident as they take the employees in group discussion to make them understand how they work relate to the company profitability. The leaders put pass ion and energy into everything as they care about the employees and what they goals are. In this, the development levels and styles demonstrated includes; developing vision, selling vision, finding the way out and leading the charge. For instance, in this case, the transformational leadership starts with developing the vision which was to educate the employees on how their work relate to the company profitability. Developing vision is followed by selling it. The leaders took their time, energy and committed themselves to ensuring the vision is embraced and accepted by the employees. They also distributed copies of the financial statements to employees in order to ensure the vision was understood. In hand with selling activity and vision, is seeking the way forward. Most of the transformational leaders know the way and their goal is usually to urge others to follow them. The route forward is not obvious and may not be plotted in details. Therefore, transformational leaders need to ha ve a clear vision, thereafter, direction will define itself. The final development level is leading the charge. The leaders are always visible and would stand up to be considered rather than behind their group. They demonstrated by their actions and attitudes how everyone else should behave. Further, they make continued attempts to motivate and bring together their followers, constantly doing the round, soothing, listening and enthusing. The actions taken by leaders to ensuring employees understand their work relation with company profitability was very effective. The contemporary leadership approach used showed progressive ideals of collaboration and equality in the actions. The leaders are usually urged to co-exist and cooperate with subordinates instead of dictating over them. In this case, the leaders are encouraged to possess and utilize emotion and intelligence. The employees get more interested in the books and financial reports because they see how their leaders were well ac quainted with them. Moreover, contemporary leadership is mainly concern with effective leaders exhibiting emotional and social intelligence (Winkler, 2009). This ensures leaders think, focus on goal, understand employees’ emotions and are able to demonstrate common ground before rushing to act. The actions taken, that is, developing vision, selling vision, finding the way out and

Food laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Food laws - Essay Example Being a worker in the food service department I have the obligation to ensure that the menus prepared to suit the needs of the patients. This is because it would be an offense for the hospital to compel the patients to eat foods that are not in line with their dietary laws. In the contemporary society, the aspect of diversity management is of great significance within the health sector. Diversity management seeks to satisfy the needs of different people irrespective of their differences. It requires that all citizens be treated with respect despite their differences in terms of religion, color, race, beliefs or even physical abilities. Since our hospital pays attention diversity management strategies, it is crucial to consider the diet preferences of our clients(Curtis, 2013). Secondly, since a hospital is a business just like any other, satisfying the customers is a matter of priority. Customers prefer to acquire services from businesses that satisfy their needs efficiently. On this note, it is crucial for our organization to design menus that satisfy the needs of the people to ensure that the Kosher and Halal laws are respected especially during relevant holidays. Satisfying the needs of these laws is a complex process due to the great variation of the diet requirements. The food director is also concerned with the economic aspect of satisfying the needs of the patients. Often, it is possible that introducing new meals other than the regular meals will add cost to the meals.

Please see instructions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Please see instructions - Assignment Example the fertilizer falls, then the market supply curve would shift to the right because of the following reasons: The cost of producing the corns would have been reduced thus leading to increased supply. This also would enable many farmers that are either farming on large scale or small scale to engage in the production of corn since the production cost has been reduced for them (Flynn, et al, 2007). Another possible reason may be that farmers who are specialized on the cultivation of other crops are most likely to shift their production towards corn production If the government offers new tax breaks to the farmers, the market supply curve of the corns would shift o the right due to the following reasons: The cost of production would have been reduced as the realized profits are increased. This is because; the reduction of tax imposed on the production of the corns would encourage many farmers to practice corn production since high tax on corn production make many farmers to shy away from producing them. If tornado sweeps through lowa, then the supply curve of the corn production in the US would shift towards the left since the tornado would affect the corn production negatively. As a result, the supply of the corns would reduce. If the incomes of the buyers in the market for Adirondack vacations increases, the demand curve would shift to the right because of the following reasons; when the income increases, the demand for the products increases thus leading to a shift towards the right. The second reason is that the number of people with the ability to afford the product would rise thus increasing the demand of the product If the in the market for pizza read a study linking pepperoni consumption to heart disease, the demand curve would shift to the left due to the following reasons. A change in taste is likely to occur thus increasing the demand for substitutes as the as the demand for pizza reduces. The pizza consumers may shy away from the heart disease

Dengue Fever and the Immune System

Dengue Fever and the Immune System Dengue virus cause variable range of dengue shock syndrome with fatal dengue varies from undifferentiated. Because of the increasing incidence and geographical distribution of dengue in the past 50 years, dengue has become increasingly recognized as one of the main infectious diseases in the world. This research will study the aspects of immune system and dengue. Also offers the importance of dengue virus infection and discusses the current knowledge of dengue fever. Dengue is a disease caused by a mosquito of dengue virus. In the last century, the dengue goes up in severity of illness and the geographical distribution is now the most common infections of human Arthropod-borne viruses in the subtropical and subtropical regions of the world. Dengue is endemic in more than 100 countries around the world. It causes nearly 50 to 100 million cases per year, including 250,000 to 500,000 dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. World Health Organization reveal that the two fifth of world population is at a threat of dengue virus infection. It was stressed that globalization and climate change has a major impact on the emergence of dengue virus in new areas. Dengue is also a major economic burden on affected areas, with annual cost estimated at several billion dollars. Since there is no vaccine against dengue virus, is the primary means of preventing diseases targeting mosquito vectors and to break the cycle of transmission. This requires a large and well-organized, as well as financing of intervention programmes. Although there are programmes in countries affected, in Sri Lanka, which is currently in service in disease vector control strategies were not sufficient to combat dengue. New tools and novel approach are therefore urgently needed. The incubation period of dengue is around four days. A person about to reduce fever and to provide occasional macular or maculopapular rash. It was difficult to distinguish dengue viral diseases, person usually recovers 5 days. In the most serious cases, fever and rash are accompanied by headache, ritrorbital pain, myalgia, back pain, sore throat and abdominal pain. Becoming lethargic patients suffering from anorexia and nausea. The DHF as dengue hemorrhagic fever has similar incubation period and number same symptoms. However, the fever is more severe and the tiredness and lethargy more extreme. The patient may increase vascular permeability and abnormal balance. This can cause the individual to reduce the volume of blood, leading to low blood pressure and go in dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and die. Dengue virus infection continues to present a major and escalating global public health problem. Fight against vectors of the programs have been largely unsuccessful or local benefits in the short term only and therefore will continue to develop the vaccine is likely to be the most effective control strategy. Diseases of infection by the dengue and participation apparent protective immune response and disease has proven to be complex and difficult to understand and therefore required more research on these subjects. It is recognized that important steps to accelerate the dengue fever vaccine established an international network of centers for the clinical trial. Evaluation of vaccine experimentation is time-consuming and therefore you should not stop this process by theoretical considerations. Then only will be an initiative of the dengue vaccine in children in a position to assess the effectiveness of a variety of weapons to use in the fight against dengue. 1.0 Introduction Dengue fever is a disease caused by virus which is carried by mosquitoes. Then, these mosquitoes transmit the virus to humans. The virus that causes dengue fever has called an arbovirus, which is the short form for viruses transmitted by arthropods. Mosquitoes are arthropod type insects. Mosquitoes transmit this virus and responsible for passing it along to humans in a several areas. These countries include the Far East, Middle East, Africa, the Islands Caribbean and countries of Asia such as the India, Sri Lanka and the Thailand. In these areas, Arboviruses of dengue fever is widespread, which means that the virus naturally and repeatedly and repeatedly lives at those countries (1). To understand how the dengue fever is transmitted, several conditions must be defined. The meaning of the word host is an animal or human that can be affected with a particular disease. The meaning of the word vector is a body that can carry a particular virus causing agent such as a virus or bacteria with no actually develop the disease. The vector can then go by the virus or bacteria to a new host (2), (3). Most common diseases include the cold, many viral causes of diarrhea and flu or the influenza spread because the viruses that cause these diseases can be transmitted directly from one person to another. However, dengue fever cannot be transmitted directly from one person infected with another. The dengue virus must need an intermediate vector, a mosquito which takes the virus from one host to one more. The mosquito that takes the Arboviruses, reliable for dengue fever is the similar kind of mosquitoes that can transmit other diseases such as yellow fever. This mosquito is named as Aedes egypti. The more often victims are children less than 10 years (4). 2.0 Dengue Viral Infection When a person feeds by an infected mosquito, it injected dengue virus in the bloodstream. The virus infects close to skin cells called keratinocytes the most common type in skin cells. The dengue virus has also infected and reproduced within a specialized immune cell in the skin, a dendritic cell type called a Langerhans cell (5). Langerhans cells detect the pathogenic invaders and display molecules from the pathogens known as Antigen, on their surface. Langerhans cells then pass through to the lymph nodes and warn the immune system to prompt immune response as a pathogen inside the body. Lymph nodes are small organs that placed all the way through body, linked by vessels that form a set of connections named as lymphatic system (6). Lymph nodes are located in the body to help the fight against infection of immune cells. 3.0 The immune response When a pathogen as dengue virus invades the human body, the body to defend itself by defense of the body against pathogenic invaders is the immune system, which consists of two parts. First part is called as the innate immune system and it provides the body with urgent and regular defense to any pathogen that invading. The innate immune responses quickly identify and react against to pathogens. However it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t afford a person with immunity in the long term against an invasion of pathogens. Second part of the immune system called as the adaptive immune system generates cells that target more precisely and effectively towards pathogens and affected cells. The cells created by the Adaptive immune system consist of some B cells secreting antibodies and cytotoxic t cells. Immunoglobulin or Ig antibodies concealed by the cells B specially recognize and attach to foreign molecules. Cytotoxic T cells kill cells that are affected with pathogens. Adaptive immune system spends much time to react pathogens that invades the innate immune response (7), (8), but it is a person with immunity against a pathogen in long term. 4.0 Dengue Virus Tricks the immune system When the dengue virus infected mosquito bites the skin of the person, then the person also becomes a dengue infected. The dengue virus infects Langerhans cells, a type of dendritic cells in the skin. Infected cells of Langerhans produce interferons can help to limit the continued spread of the infection. Other infected cells to travel to the lymph nodes carrying viruses that infect more cells of Langerhans. Viremia is resulted by the spread of dengue virus when the high level of bloodstream affected. In order to fight against infection, the immune system construct antibodies to defuse the virus particles of dengue and the complement system is enabled for antibodies and white blood cells to get rid of virus. The immune response also consists of cytotoxic T cells also called as lymphocytes that identify and destroy infected cells. Langerhans cells once infected by dengue virus, they travel on the site of the infection of the skin to lymph nodes. The immune system responds to Infected Langerhans cells are viral antigens of dengue fever on their surface, which enables the innate immune response in alerting the two types of white blood cells called macrophages and monocytes that fight against the virus. In general, monocytes and macrophages consume and wipe out pathogens. But as an alternative of destroying the dengue virus, both of white blood cell types are pointed and infected from the virus. Dengue virus tricks the immune system to circumvent the protection and affect more cells (9). As the affected monocytes and macrophages to go through the lymphatic system, the dengue virus spreads all the way through the body. Throughout his trip, the dengue virus infects lots of cells, including lymph nodes and bone marrow macrophages of the spleen, liver and blood monocytes. Widening and the spread in the outcome of vir us Viremia is a situation in which there the bloodstream contains a high level of dengue virus. Mainly there are four different tensions of dengue virus. These strains are very similar, therefore the immune system recognizes all after seeing one. But the recognition is not protection. Each T cells of humans are automatically identified a specific model or an Antigen. In the first viral infection will be captured and processed by the above mentioned antigen presenting cells. These viruses will be open to T cells forcing them to become activated. And even the B cells will meet their floating free Antigen and make active. B cells create antibodies. They are used to tag the virus to encourage their uptake by macrophages called as opsonisation and inactivate them (10). The first infection is identified as dengue fever and lasted 6 or 7 days (11). Its symptoms closely look like as a severe flu. Most people get over it with no incident. If one person become affected from fever again things could leave in the wrong. Four types of dengue strains that all are extremely similar. If you are infected with a dissimilar strain that you met the first time, you contract dengue hemorrhagic fever. The reason for happening this is it turns out that the first infection antibodies attach to virus particles but not inactivate them. The strains are dissimilar enough to stay active in the existence of antibodies against another strain. These are called non neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies will always result in the opsonization if the Macrophages are readily transmittable virus. These speeds up the course on a point infection such as hemorrhagic symptoms are observed. It is one of those interesting times where our immune system not succeeds us. If people were vaccinated for dengue and if someone missed one out of those four vaccines has been inactivated by the improper storage, they would be very susceptible to dengue hemorrhagic fever. 5.0 Immune system Defeats the Dengue Virus Although the dengue virus has trapped immune system to infect cells and widen all the way through the body, the immune system contain further protection against the virus. Infected cells produce and release the tiny proteins named as interferons that are part of a huge collection of proteins named as cytokines. Interferons have the capability to interfere with viral replication and they activate the innate and adaptive immune defenses. They help the immune system recognizes cells infected by dengue and help protect cells not infected infection. The immune system, fight against dengue infection so the person will experience a fever (12). As the Adaptive immune response begins to fight against dengue infection, b cells produce antibodies IgM and IgG which are released into the blood and lymphatic fluid, where they specifically identify and deactivate dengue virus particles. In another immune response adaptation, killer T cells or cytotoxic T cells, recognize and kill cells infected with the dengue virus. Active innate immune response of the complement system, response that helps antibodies and white blood cells get rid of the virus. Together with the innate and adaptive immune responses defuse infection of dengue and the patient will recover from dengue (13). If there is a huge degree of virus in the bloodstream an infected person is experiencing acute dengue symptoms. As the immune response against infection by the dengue, personà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s B cells begin to create antibodies called IgM and IgG which are released into blood and the lymph fluid and then they identify and defuse the dengue virus and the viral such as dengue NS1 protein molecules (14). The immune response get rid of the virus and leading to recovery. 6.0 Secondary infections of Dengue After a dengue infection for the first time person is protected against infection with the three serotypes of dengue rest for several (2-3) months. Unfortunately, ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s not a long-term protection, and after this short time period, person can be affected with any of the three serotypes of dengue that are outstanding. Around 1960s, Dr Scott Halstead and some of his colleagues are studying in Thailand dengue virus (15), (16). They noticed that the people who had been infected to dengue virus second time had a bigger risk of severe dengue compared with who had not been infected previously. They were asking what makes a second infection of dengue, not as well as the first. In general after an infection from a pathogen, the body keeps in mind the infection for long because the cells named as memory B cells and memory T cells remain inside the body. Since they remember the first disease, memory cells can respond quickly to provide an adaptive response, when infection occurs for the second time. Memory cells can stay behind in the body for many years or even a lifetime. These memory cells help fight a second dengue infection. More often worse than the first infection second dengue infection. Halstead proposes a phenomenon called dependent improvement of antibodies to the infection to explain these observations. There are four types of dengue (serotypes), but the cells of memory do the immunity against reinfection by serotype of dengue fever that caused the first infection. When a person is infected with a second dengue serotype, Halstead suggested that antibodies to the first infection actually help spread of dengue virus infection and increase the amount of virus in the blood, Viremia. This phenomenon can also occur in children who received antibodies against dengue of their mother while in the uterus. Curiously, rather than destroy the virus, existing antibody and the antibody newly produced by the memory can of b cells actually help the virus infected host cells more effectively. Ironically, the consequence of dependent development of antibodies is the response of the immune system in fact makes the clinical symptoms of the dengue fever situation and raises the risk o f serious diseases of dengue. In a second dengue infection cytotoxic T produced by the immune system cells provide only partial immunity against the new serotype of dengue (17). Cytotoxic T cells are not responsible for effectively remove the virus from the body and they issue some excess amounts of molecules named as cytokines. In general quantities and cytokines help out the immune response. Though in large quantities, cytokines may produce severe inflammation and tissue such as capillary leak; eventually contribute to the development of serious diseases of dengue. 7.0 Factors That Contribute to Severe Dengue Infections Prevention of dengue fever means reducing the mosquito population. Any resources of standing water such as buckets, vases, etc. where the mosquitoes can breed must be eradicated. Mosquito repellant is suggested for those areas where dengue fever is widespread. To help break the cycle of spread, sick patients those who are suffered from the dengue fever must be placed in bed net, then the mosquitoes cannot bite them so that they wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t become arboviral vectors (18). Became the prevention and the fight against dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever and urgent distribution of geographic expansion and increase the spread of the disease over the last 20 years. Unfortunately, the tools available to prevent dengue are very less. There is a no any vaccine invented yet, and the limited option available to fight against mosquitoes. Clearly, the emphasis should be on prevention of the disease, and if the trend emerging diseases must be reversed (19). If the effective prevention of the disease and several integrated components, including active laboratory surveillance and emergency response and medical community education to guarantee successful management of the situation, mosquitoes community integrated pest and use of effective vaccines when available Disease Control active is an important part of prevention program against dengue. In addition to monitoring secular trends, the purpose of monitoring should be to give warning or predictive capability for the transfer of the epidemic, and the reason is that if you cannot predict epidemics can be avoided by starting by fighting against mosquitoes emergency. For the prediction of epidemics, health authorities and should be able to precisely control the transfer of dengue virus in the community and be able to say at any time that the virus is transmitted virus serotypes rotation and related this kind of disease with dengue infection. To do this, the system must be on site. 8.0 Causes and symptoms Dengue fever can caused when a mosquito bites a human carrying the Arboviruses and transmit the virus to a new host. When the live virus inside body, it moves to various parts where it crashed. The virus is able to then go through the bloodstream. The existence of the virus within the blood vessels causes modifications to these blood vessels. The vessels enlarge and blood leak through the vessels. The spleen and lymph nodes become swollen. A procedure called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) happens, where chemicals relevant for clotting are used up and it will guided to severe bleeding which is called as hemorrhage. When the virus has been spread to the human host, happens a period of incubation. During this time it last approximately five to eight days, the virus multiplies. The signs of the disease come out at once and consist of headache, high fever, chills, eye pain, lymph nodes swollen, red eyes, back pain, red hunting in the face, extreme weakness and severe pain in the limbs and joints (20). This early duration of the disease is about 2-3 days and after this duration, fever decreases rapidly, and the patient sweats strongly. After about a day to feel relatively well, the patient temperature increases again, but not as much as the first time. Begins a rash of small red bumps on arms and legs, spread to the chest and abdomen. It hardly ever affects the face. The palms and the soles of hands and feets swollen and turn bright red. The combination of characteristic of fever, rash and headaches are named as the dengue triad. Many people get well completely from dengue fever, even if the weakness and fatigue may last numerous weeks. When a person has been suffered by dengue fever, his immune system guards produce for about a year cells that prevent reinfection from dengue virus (21). More serious diseases can occur in some people. These persons may meet with dengue fever for the first time. Anyway, in some situations, that a person may have already had dengue recovered at a time and then is re-infected with the virus. In these cases, the infection first guides the immune system to identify the attendance of the Arboviruses. When the immune cells the virus infections later, the immune system reacts. These types of disease called dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) (22), engage more strict symptoms. Fever and headache are the opening symptoms, but signs of dengue fever are not present. The patient improves a cough go after by the appearance of small purple patches named as petechiae on the skin. The petechiae are areas where the blood is leaking from the ships. Large areas bruises appear as the getting worse bleeding and abdominal pain can be strict. The patient may starts to vomit a material that is similar to coffee. It is actually a si gn of hemorrhage in the stomach (23). As the blood vessels turn into more injured, they escape more and carry on increasing in diameter called as dilation, causing a decrease in blood flow to the body tissues. This condition of reducing the blood flow is called as shock. Shock can cause damage to the organs of the body especially the heart and kidneys, because the low blood flow deprived oxygen (24). 9.0 Diagnosis Diagnosis should be detected in native areas each time that a high fever continues for 2-7 days, especially if go together with by a ability to hemorrhage. The signs of shock should suggest the development of the disease to the dengue. There are several types of Arboviruses but one of them causing dengue fever that can be isolated from the blood serum (25), (26). The serum is the fluid that the blood cells are floating. Serum can be verified because the phase in which the virus moves into the bloodstream is longer in DF than in other arbovirus diseases. Numerous tests are used to find reactions between the serum of the patient and antibodies produced in the laboratory. Antibodies are particular cells that identify the markers or antigens present on the attack of the body. During these tests, the antibodies are mixed with a sample of the patient serum. Health care workers and then looks for reactions that would occur only if the virus antigens are present in the serum (27). 10.0 New diagnostic technology In recent years, he has developed several new methods of diagnosis and has proved very useful in the diagnosis of dengue. After reviewing this issue in depth over the past. Here follows a brief description of the various methods below. 10.1 PCR Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was build up for numeral RNA viruses in recent years and possible to modernize laboratory diagnosis of dengue (28). RT-PCR provides a rapid diagnosis specific serum. This method is fast, simple, sensitive and reproducible if handled properly it can be used to discover viral RNA in human clinical specimens and autopsy tissues, or mosquitoes. There were number of methods developed involving primers genome in different places and different methods to detect RT-PCR products in recent years (29). 10.2 Immunohistochemistry A major problem in the laboratory diagnosis of dengue confirmation of fatal cases. Only one sample is obtained serum and serological tests of limited value. In addition, most patients die at the same time or shortly after defervescence as the virus isolation is difficult (30). With novel techniques of building, it is now possible to detect antigens of dengue viruses in a variety of tissues. 11.0 Treatment No treatments are available to reduce the course of dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Drugs to reduce fever and decrease muscle pain and headache pain (31). Fluids are given through a needle into a vein to prevent dewatering. Blood transfusion may be necessary if serious bleeding happens. Oxygen should be given to shocked patients (29). 12.0 Conclusion The immune system is the bodys defense against viruses dengue Home. When a person is infected with the dengue, response to innate and adaptive immune system to join forces to fight against the virus. B cells create antibodies which specifically identify and defuse foreign particles and viral cytotoxic T cells to recognize and destroy cells that are infected by the dengue virus. For people who can develop later with another type of dengue virus experience called antibody based on the promotion. This situation occurs when the immune response leads one clinical symptoms of dengue worse, which increases the risk of severe dengue.

Effects of Globalisation on India China Relations Essay

There is a shift in the nature of the relations between India and China from a purely territotial perspective in the post-independence period to the economic perspective in the post globalization and liberalization period .This has resulted in both positive and negative ramifications because of both state and non-state factors. TRADE: The trade between the two countries has been increasing since the 1990s and has reached $67 billion in the current fiscal. Because of this , many people who are directly and indirectly involved in the trade have benefitted . Mainly the export of primary articles like agricultural products have benefitted the marginal farmers. Globalisation has helped offset the losses incurred during reduced domestic demand and also because of higher profit margins in the international market. MULTI POLAR WORLD: The importance of developing and industrialized countries after the globalization have increased their bargaining power in the international arena like climate change conferences, reforms in the U.N, reform of quota allocation in the IMF which were dominated by the developed world before.. In all these stages, India and China have acted together against the stance of developed countries and have helped other small countries and island nations collectively put forth their obligations. SECURITY: Free movement of labour , capital and enterprise across the world demands better universalized security infrastucture.Both India and SCO are against the three security related problems-terrorism, extremism and separatism. India wants to use the Regional Anti-terrorism Structure of the Beijing dominated-Shanghai Cooperation Organisation . Also China can make use of the India’s banking sector for their proposed SCO banking structure. As both countries are interesred in Afghanistan’s mineral reserves, there is a need for both countries to chart out an emergency plan for dealing with civil war like situation after the exit of US and NATO in 2014. Both countries are also involved in maritime security in the Indian ocean and gulf area to protect their trade ships in the high seas from Somali pirates. All this has reduced the importance of territorial border problems in the dialogue between the two countries which is now dominated by concentration on areas with mutual interest s. NEGATIVE IMPACTS: BALANCE OF TRADE: Though the trade between the two countries has been increasing, it is highly skewed in favour of China. The trade deficit has reached a high of $27 billion this fiscal. Also many of the sectors like pharmaceutical and micro and small industries are not allowed to do business in China. The fruits of globalization is not being shared equally by all the sectors since it resorts to trade barriers and provision of cheap subsidy to its electronics sector which unfavourably helps them in the international market. TERRITORIAL PROBLEMS: Though there is less border related issues as such, globalization and foreign investments increases the territorial problem in the other areas like high seas. Investment by an Indian company in partnership with Vietnam in the south China Sea has resulted in regional territorial clashes among China, Vietnam, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Taiwan. SECURITY PROBLEMS: The vulnerability of the state and the people to cyber terrorism and cyber espionage has increased due to the presence of Multi national companies. Recently Huawei and ZTE have been prevented from entering countries like US and Australia due to their indulging in cyber state-sponsored espionage. The security of the India is compromised due to the libealization and globalization. Both should ensure eachother of all possible security related measures during the defence ministers dialogue. Though Globalization has negative ramifications, it has turned the relations between India and China from negative to positive and has made them cooperate and coordinate on various fields and sectors.The opurtunites provided by new leadership change should be made use of by India to strengthen its interests and relations with China. . As skepticists say, both political and economic considerations are important and both should mutually drive India –China relations to the benefit of both sides.

An Analysis of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 Essay

As a response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the United States government established a separate agency within the federal system to prevent future terrorist activities. Hence, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created, along with the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (HSA). The HSA identified and explained the principle, jurisdiction and duties of the Department of Homeland Security. The HSA also reinforced sentences for transgressing national security laws and expanded federal control of local law enforcement agencies. However, critics argued that the HSA instead promoted American global dominance at the expense of civil liberties. For instance, Title II pushed for the establishment of a Directorate of Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, tasked with the creation and maintenance of a database containing public and private information on virtually any individual in the United States. Telephone records, banking transactions, school records, employment history – these can be gathered to piece together a profile that can be used against innocent people suspected as terrorists. In the HAS’ Title V: Emergency Preparedness and Response, there is no specific mandate of federal control over the â€Å"local first responders† – the police, the firemen and the emergency personnel. The provision simply called for â€Å"federal supervision, funding and cooperation. † (Van Bergen, 2002) Although centralization is perfect for emergency preparedness on a sufficiently large scale, it could also lead to the loss of local control and to potential federal militarization. (Van Bergen, 2002) According to the United States Northern Command (USNC), â€Å"Prohibiting direct military involvement in law enforcement is in keeping with long-standing U. S. law and policy limiting the military’s role in domestic affairs. † (Van Bergen, 2002) In addition, the Posse Comitatus Act (18 USC 1385) â€Å"generally prohibits U. S. military personnel from interdicting vehicles, vessels and aircraft; conducting surveillance, searches, pursuit and seizures; or making arrests on behalf of civilian law enforcement authorities. † (Van Bergen, 2002) The four statutory exceptions to this prohibition are the following: counter-drug assistance (10 USC 371-81); Insurrection Act (10 USC 331-34); crimes using nuclear materials (18 USC 831); and chemical or biological weapons of mass destruction (10 USC 382). (Van Bergen, 2002) One of the most serious consequences of the HAS is the Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002 (CIIA). The CIIA offered corporations confidentiality and immunity from civil liability with respect to the â€Å"critical infrastructure information† (CII) that they submitted â€Å"voluntarily† to the DHS. CII may include virtually any information about physical or cyber infrastructure that can be useful to terrorists or other parties that intend to cause damage to the facility. (Steinzor, 2003) No one may use it in any civil action arising under federal or state law without obtaining the written consent of the company. Government officials who will violate the CIIA will face up to a year in prison. The CIIA is very dangerous, as it would immunize corporations and their employees from malfeasance in their operations, from racial discrimination to embezzlement, violations of environmental regulations and negligence that will harm the public physically and or financially. Hence, the CIIA might also end up granting immunity to enterprises that were guilty of negligence in the face of terrorist attacks, allowing them to escape accountability for putting other people’s lives in danger. Terrorist groups such as the Al Qaeda might use the CIIA to their advantage, because their operatives assume quiet and unobtrusive Western lifestyles and identities to avoid capture and to successfully carry out missions. But with the misleading nature of the HSA, the question ordinary Americans should be asking is: Who should they be afraid of, the terrorists or their own government? References Van Bergen, Jennifer. (2002, December 2-4). Homeland Security Act: The Rise of the American Police State. Retrieved January 2, 2008 from http://www. ratical. org/ratville/CAH/HSA_RoAPS. html. Steinzor, Rena. (2003, March 12). ‘Democracy Dies Behind Closed Doors:’ The Homeland Security Act and Corporate Accountability. PDF File. Retrieved January 2, 2008 from http://www. progressiveregulation. org/perspectives/secrecy_white_paper. pdf.

Social Policy and Individual Well-Being Essay Example

Social Policy and Individual Well Social Policy and Individual Well-Being Essay Social Policy and Individual Well-Being Essay Policiesare classs of action, whether intended or unintended, that are intentionally adopted or can be shown to follow regular forms over clip. , andSocialpolicies have to make with human existences populating together as a group in a state of affairs necessitating that they have traffics with each other. ( 1991, p.2 ) Burch et al farther claim that Social Policy is associated with de jure , de facto and default claims, which means that Social policy is rooted in legal model and tends to follow a peculiar signifier of pattern. Yet, societal policies are besides capable to failures and an absence of execution. Explaining Social Policy Stressing on the demand for proper execution of policies, Krysik et Al ( 1998 ) suggest that societal policy is about determination devising and taking among many alternate classs of action. Giving a complete administrative and procedural description to societal policy, they claim that execution schemes towards peculiar ends should cover with: issues of funding and reimbursement, e.g. , beginnings of gross and expression for sharing costs ; whether to utilize market mechanisms or public proviso, or some combination of both ; rightness of administrative mechanisms for a peculiar policy ; and degree ( s ) of authorities engagement and rightness of functions. ( Krysik et al 1998, p.3 ) Krysik et al convey out an of import facet of societal policy proposing that societal policy and the construct of single well being is chiefly a attendant procedure of the Social Security Act 1935 that identified the undermentioned demands: a?â„ ¢ economic security ; employment ( the Federal Employment Act of 1946 expressed the end of full employment for everyone able to work ) ; lodging [ the Housing Act of 1949 ( P.L. 81-171 ) stated that all Americans have the right to decent lodging, in nice milieus of their choosing ] ; wellness ( the Comprehensive Health Planning Act of 1967 stated that Americans have the right to the highest quality of wellness attention services available ) ; instruction for disabled kids ( P.L. 94-142 of 1975 insured the proviso of a free, appropriate public instruction for all ) . ( Krysik et al, 1998, p.5 ) Social policy references two chief facets of public assistance and disposal. Welfare economic sciences is understood in footings of public-service corporation or people s good being and refers to the scope of services that can protect people against illnesss, old age and the associated term welfare province , is used synonymously with social protection referred to within the European brotherhood. Welfare is therefore a wide term and a description of public assistance province would take to accomplish non merely a realisation of people s demands but a general physical and psychological wellbeing as good. Social policy towards a public assistance province attack is guided by several human-centered, democratic, spiritual and practical concerns. Human-centered concerns are related to obliteration of poorness and practical necessities trade with economic and societal commissariats and benefits ( Hill, 2000 ) . Religious facets emphasize on the charitable responsibilities towards the community at big and democratic concerns highlight societal protection as a cardinal democratic right of every person. In this sense societal policy has political and sociological facets concerned non merely with good being but tends to foreground proper life as a cardinal right of an person. Principles and values applied to societal policy can mention to demands, involvements or wants of people with conditions such as poorness being identified as projecting lack of wellbeing . Social good being is by and large considered in the involvements of households, communities and persons as people depend on societal interaction, instruction and concerted work to accomplish societal marks and trust on societal mutuality for personal wellbeing. Social policy and disposal is closely associated with single perceptual experience of society, societal values and societal interaction as a agency to carry through specific societal duty aimed at common good. When sing the ideal conditions of a public assistance province or the factors of a deficiency of good being, several facets on poorness, necessity, unemployment, old age, mental unwellness, disablement and societal exclusion are brought into focal point. These refer to jobs or obstructions in achieving the status of public assistance or a province of good being for all. Poverty can intend a want of basic demands such as nutrient, vesture and shelter, instruction but along with economic want can besides intend societal exclusion, hapless stuff conditions of life and is defined by normative or felt demands. However, poorness has its ain stigma and can transport deductions of inequality as hapless people are the 1s considered socially unequal, who adapt themselves to a civilization of poorness and hapless due to the inequalities in societal construction. Unemployment and societal exclusion are other negative factors that tend to retard societal policy towards public assistance aims. Une mployment can be due to inadequacy in appropriate accomplishments, or due to physical restrictions such as old age and disablement. Illness and old age are associated as wellness of old people are below mean and most aged persons besides suffer from some disablement. All this is added to jobs of isolation and mental dissatisfaction or some kind of psychological crisis in old age. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization disablement is nevertheless either an impairment as in jobs in bodily construction or maps, a disability or inability to execute certain activities or a handicap which relate to jobs with societal engagement ( WHO, 2005 ) . Disability of any signifier of lasting unwellness can hold societal, physical or psychological deductions and forms a important facet of public assistance considerations. Although societal policy is focused on the more politically active and witting younger coevals and tends to go to to societal demands of employment and rights and justness issues that concern immature people. Social policy is therefore an across-the-board diverse subject with varied academic and socio-political facets with active concerns on public wellness and public assistance. Daly ( 2003 ) emphasizes on the importance of administration as a frame of analysis in societal policy and investigates the use and public-service corporation of administration as a subject to analyze facets of societal policy. Using administration and political determinations as tools for development of societal policy in the UK, Daly considers the populace sphere, policy execution, social incorporation and policy devising through administration analyzing the assorted strengths and failings of administration including it concentrate on power and different degrees of action and analysis. Daly approaches an of import inquiry as to whether a strong focal point on province and administration leads to residualization of societal policy and society . Taylor ( 1998 ) takes on a different attack and emphasizes the importance of societal individuality in societal policy research. Taylor s effort was to travel beyond for or against postmodernism statements and argues that individuality and difference from a societal position and an analysis of societal dealingss should besides be considered alongside structural inequalities within the theoretical considerations of societal policy. Taylor suggests that there are jobs in the apprehension of the construct of societal policy which harmonizing to him is clearly misunderstood and delineates the necessity of a probationary theory that can separate between ontological and categorical individuality in societal policy. This he suggests would assist to better an apprehension of the function of soils policy in the procedure of societal individuality formation. Franklin ( 2003 ) analyses the construct of societal capital as an of import instrument to political alteration. Franklin writes that the thought o societal capital reconfigures the kineticss between societal justness and economic efficiency and makes societal relationships a cardinal factor in explicating degrees of inequality, economic prosperity and political engagement ( Franklin 2003, p.349 ) . The construct of societal capital as the focal point of societal policy shifts the focal point of duty from authorities to single, from economic system to society informing policies that highlight societal behaviour cut downing costs to authorities supplying in turn economic solutions to societal jobs. The human as bureau has besides been taken up in societal policy research extensively and Deacon and Mann ( 1999 ) focal point on single behaviour in sociology and societal policy research. The focal point of the article is on the person and the increasing moral and ethical quandary faced by an person in a modern-day society, an facet that has wide deductions of societal policy that is concerned with a general well being of every person and a sense of good being is an of import portion of moral and ethical values. The writers suggest that moralists such as Field and Mead portion the demand for reconstituting public assistance to promote responsible moral behaviour. However sociologists Beck and Bauman believe that such a forced method might turn out non merely ineffectual but even unsafe. Individualist attacks and theories face considerable opposition from quarters that fear any support for throwback individuality. However, the writers realize the demand for a resurgence of theories based on the single human bureau that can make chances within societal scientific discipline and do it more sensitive to the activities of hapless people and to the necessities and differences of a modern-day diverse British society. Decision: In this essay we analyzed the definitions of societal policy and highlighted the across-the-board nature of societal policy and pattern and how this is related to the construct of British public assistance province. In this context we besides analyzed the construct of public assistance as authorities action to advance well-being sing the necessities of unemployed immature people as besides disabled or ill aged individuals. The demands of the hapless and socially excluded are besides considered in pulling up constabularies based on national wellness system and societal security concerns. In our analysis of recent research documents, we discussed single behaviour, societal individuality, moral and ethical duty, and political issues in administration as of import facets of societal policy research. Bibliography Personal computer Alcock. 2003. The Subject of Social Policy ( InThe Student s Companion to Social Policy, 2nd edition, Personal computer Alcock, A Erskine, M May ( Joint Editors ) , Oxford, Blackwell, ISBN: 1405102918 ) . Publication: 14532. Pete Alcock Social Policy in Britain: Subjects and Issues. Macmillan Press. 2003 Hobart A. Burch, Donna G. Michaels ; The Why s of Social Policy: Position on Policy Preferences Praeger Publishers, 1991 Coffey, Amanda,1967- Reconceptualizing societal policy: sociological positions on modern-day societal policy /Amanda Coffey. Hymen: Open University Press,2004. MARY DALY Administration and Social Policy Journal of Social Policy, Volume 32, Issue 01. January 2003. pp113-128 ALAN DEACON, KIRK MANN Agency, Modernity and Social Policy Journal of Social Policy, Volume 28, Issue 03. June 1999. pp413-435 Strengthening societal policy: lessons on hammering government-civil society policy partnerships /editors Laura Edgar, Jennifer Chandler. Ottawa, Ont. : Institute on Governance, c2004. Hankivsky, Olena A. R. ( Olena Areta Renata ) Social policy and the moral principle of attention /Olena Hankivsky. Vancouver, B.C. : UBC Press, c2004. Jane Franklin Social Capital: Policy and Politicss Social Policy and Society, Volume 2, Issue 04. October 2003. pp349-352 PAUL HOGGETT Agency, Rationality and Social Policy Journal of Social Policy, Volume 30, Issue 01. January 2001. pp37-56 Heck, Ronald H. Analyzing educational and societal policy: theoretical constructs and research methods /Ronald H. Heck. Mahwah, N.J. ; London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2004. Howard Glennerster British Social Policy since 1945. Second Edition. Blackwell. 2000 Michael Hill Understanding Social Policy. Sixth Edition. Blackwell. 2000. Lowe, Rodney. The public assistance province in Britain since 1945 /Rodney Lowe. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan,2005. Nicholas Timmins The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State. HarperCollins. 2001. Thomas and Dorothy Wilson The State and Social Welfare the aims of policy. Longman. 1991. Michael Hill A ; Glen Bramley Analyzing Social Policy. Basil Blackwell. 1986. Eric Midwinter ‘The Butskellite consensus ( c.1951-1973/9 ) ’ ( Chapter 7 ) in The Development of Social Welfare in Britain. Open University Press. 1994. DAVID TAYLOR Social Identity and Social Policy: Battles with Postmodern Theory Journal of Social Policy, Volume 27, Issue 03. July 1998. pp329-350 Social Policy and Social Work: Critical Essaies on the Welfare State Judy Krysik, Robert M. Moroney ; Aldine De Gruyter, 1998 WHO www.who.int/en/ 1

Impact Of E-procurement On Procurement Practices And Performance Article

Impact Of E-procurement On Procurement Practices And Performance Article Impact Of E EPT impact on procurement practices and performance Supply chain is a systemic arrangement of people, activities and resources, which transform raw material and components into finished products. E-procurement is an electronic purchase between either business-to-business, business to consumer and even business to government. Additionally, e-procurement is the most significant value of a company e-commerce strategy in the supply chain. EPT is important because it is the actual action of delivering the products to the supplier.Although many buyers are using EPTs on a personal level, larger companies are still afraid of using EPTs. The article shows â€Å"the percentage of business procurement conducted electronically is relatively low – ranging from 10 percent to 20 percent† (Qualyle 2005; Kulp et al. 2006, as cited in Quesada et al. 517). Larger companies used EPTs without fully understanding the inter-organizational collaboration and the complexities involved in the pro gram. The failure of understanding the e-procurement platform renders it an unworthy process to undertake for many organizations.Organizations also face the problem of streamlining the existing systems of the enterprise with the electronic procurement platforms. These problems though encountered in personal e-procurement; do not carry as much weight as they do in organizations. People seek to reduce the time spent in making procurements and have the sole responsibility to make decisions. Individuals pre-existing enterprise systems are also not complicated as those of organizations and are, therefore, easy to incorporate EPTs.One benefit of the e-procurement is that it provides better coordination with suppliers. Better coordination achievement is by effective communication channel. EPTs also create quicker transaction times by reducing the time required to make a procurement. According to Quesada et al., e-procurement can be executed at any time and without physical movements (517). It is, therefore, flexible with vast situations. EPT cuts the cost required to perform a particular transaction of a partnership for an organization. The e-procurement results to better supplier integration and help the company run efficiently. EPTs also help in information dissemination as it is also concerned with information exchange (Quesada et al. 518). EPT operation, however, faces several drawbacks. EPT eliminates face-to-face communication, which may lead to misunderstanding while increasing risk chances in the transactions. Quesada et al. argue that EPTs are difficult to merge with the traditional enterprise systems (517). The lack of a defined method of accessing EPTs benefits has also been a drawback in the use of the platform.EPT involves the use of technologies on electronic networks and practices to achieve and improve information exchange, electronic communication, and transaction. Achieving the processes require the use of private or public networks. On the other ha nd, internet procurement involves procuring of sales or services through the internet. EPTs only use the Internet as a compliment while for internet procurement it is a necessity. EPTs require a significant amount of investment to set up while internet procurement does not involve high cost to set up.EPTs require a method for information exchange necessitating setting up of information infrastructure. Internet procurement does not necessary require formation of relationships and link. The information infrastructure is hence not necessary to Internet procurement. However, internet procurement can be considered as a small-scale form of EPT (Quesada et al. 518).Quesada, Gioconda,  Ã‚  Gonza ´lez, Marvin., Mueller, James and Mueller,  Rene. â€Å"Impact of e-procurement on procurement practices and  performance."  Benchmarking: An International Journal 17.4 (2010): 516-538.

CIPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CIPD - Essay Example letion of this session, participants would know the definition of decision making, its importance in the organization and how bad decisions can devastate an organization overnight. In the end of this session Managers would be asked to share their best and worst decisions after giving it a thought and the consequences they faced in both situations. Trainer should make notes about each participants and his / her ability to define the decisions and consequences. Each relevant example shared would add value to the participants learning. Rate the performance of the participants between 1 to 10 on the basis of their performance in the training. You have recently conducted an employee satisfaction survey on benefits provided by your employer. Based on the data you have to plan and execute certain HR interventions that can result in increased employee engagement and motivation. You have been asked to create a vision for your department. Something that should be aligned with company’s mission and values and can also predict the future and direction of your team and function. You hired an exceptional resource based on his strong credentials. You are absolutely sure that the incumbent would be a great addition to the already high performing team. On the first day of joining you get to know that your new star has had a huge argument with an existing star. You counsel them and realize that the existing differences are much too severe then you initially thought. You cannot afford to let go either of them. You have a resource whose arrival time is not according to the company policy. Even after verbal counselling and written warnings the incumbent fails to follow the rules. It is getting noticed and some team members are getting too casual with their arrival timings as well. You execute certain routine tasks every day. The tasks are all related to coordination and certain approvals are required based on the requests generated by internal customers. All these tasks are

Gary and Gretas Corporation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gary and Gretas Corporation - Research Paper Example Gary and Greta have operated a loss for the previous five years meaning that their total expenses exceed the total income hence having a loss for purposes of tax. Unless my client is a loss attributing qualifying individuals, they will not be able to pass the loss (Hoffman, et, al, pg26). Gary and Greta have adapted to the use of the losses from these rental assets to offset the rental income they have been charging their corporation for operating in their home. My client has been carrying losses forward (Barkas, pg 41). The last three individual tax return, the grumpy have shown income from leasing office space to their corporation of $40,000, $24,000 and $22,000 losses. Losses incurred in the rental properties have been in a surplus of the proceeds from the rent of the offices hence the duo has a loss carryforward of some amount, section 448 (d) (2). They did offset the lease income with the losses from the rental properties (Brownlee, pg 20) section 6013. The corporation is an entity that is legally established under company’s laws. Qualities as a corporation for purposes of tax are based on the form of companies in most taxing jurisdiction (as defined in section 448(b) (2). Since Gary and Greta have a separate corporation, this means that tax may be imposed on the corporation as a separate entity from the two. In this scenario, both Gary and Greta are not subjected to tax on the corporation’s earnings until that point in which they are distributed. According to the Tax Act, these corporations may be taxed on their incomes and properties. We have a specific range of rates on taxable income as defined in the system. The spouse needs to keep records that do relate to the cost, income, and expenses. For instance, a price at which the house, apartment building and the condo were purchased, depreciation accumulated and the security deposits (Brownlee, pg 20). They will also be required to keep records of expenses involved such as maintenance and repair costs, cleaning, advertising, real estate taxes and mortgage interest expenses.

Template communication plan strategy for Nissan Motor Assignment

Template communication plan strategy for Nissan Motor - Assignment Example To achieve the company’s goal, Nissan Company need educate its customers so that they can alter their attitude and behavior to the benefits of the company needs of selling more automotive while still engages with its stakeholders. Tertiary audiences affect and influence the communication of the company to the customers and its shareholders. The Nissan competitors would want to know how the company is strategizing for the market so they can also make changes to their company’s strategies. Therefore, any decision that Nissan have to communicate to its customers and shareholders has to consideration of the effects it has on its competitors such as Toyota (Audience Strategy for All Professional Business Communication ). Nissan has one of the most valuable customers among the automotive manufacturing companies. They devout their life using Nissan made vehicles and other automobile products because they get the best products and services from the company. Nissan surprised one of their loyal customer, a Canadian woman, Ms. Karen Ackroyd with a new 2015 Nissan Micra (Nissan Motor Corporation, 2014a). This was as a result of her good perception toward attitude toward the company’s products. Therefore as demonstrated by Ackroyd, Nissan customers are engaged and respond to company’s communications. One of the main barriers to customer communication is the lack of sensitivity. The customer may be affected by another issue that may make him or her nonresponsive (Barriers to Effective Communication). Moreover, physical destructions such as a network problem, noise and bad formatting for email break down communication. Shareholders are the sensitive people to communicate to because they are keen on making return on their investment. Therefore, they take into account whatever is communicated with uttermost precaution. The lack of proper knowledge of

Executive Summaries Essay Example for Free

Executive Summaries Essay The executive summary is usually no longer than 10% of the original document. It can be anywhere from 1-10 pages long, depending on the reports length. Executive summaries are written literally for an executive who most likely DOES NOT have the time to read the original. †¢Executive summaries make a recommendation †¢Accuracy is essential because decisions will be made based on your summary by people who have not read the original †¢Executive summaries frequently summarize more than one document Types of Summaries Summaries written in order to recommend a specific course of action are executive summaries. Summaries that highlight the major points of a long piece are called abstracts. The purpose of an abstract is to allow readers to decide whether or not they want to read the longer text. View our Writing Guide about Abstracts Standard summary only refers to a summary of someone elses published work and is written for a variety of purposes. View our Writing Guide about Standard Summaries Processes for Writing an Executive Summary Executive summaries are typically written for longer reports. They should not be written until after your report is finished. Before writing your summary, try: †¢Summarizing the major sections of your report. You might even copy text from your report into the summary and then edit it down. †¢Talking aloud or even tape recording yourself summarizing sections of your report. Questions to Ask Yourself as You Write †¢What is your report about? †¢Why is it important? †¢What is included in the report? †¢What is included in each section? Concise Statement As a cover sheet to your document, an executive summary need not go into ANY mention of how you conducted your analysis and/or what youre basing your conclusion on. Instead, begin with a concise statement of the conclusion you reached after conducting your analysis and/or research is the paper that will be attached. For example, after a comparison of what other schools like CSU do about personal calls for faculty, you conclude that the CSU is charging for calls most other institutions do not. How you word the conclusion will differ depending on your audience and what they care most about. The following examples illustrate how the wording must change given an audiences needs. Example One Colorado State should discontinue the practice of charging faculty for personal calls. This is a good example if the people you work for are only interested in this issue. It begins with a summary of conclusions regarding only the CSU population. Example Two Because I have found that over 75% of comparable institutions do not charge for personal calls, I have concluded that our faculty is justified in objecting to this practice which should be seen as a perk for our faculty. This sentence provides unnecessary information about other institutions and/or why the faculty think they deserve to have these calls paid for. Your readers can get that information from the report. Further, the use of I is unnecessary since your readers already know who wrote the report. Writing Recommendations After beginning with a summary statement of your findings, the executive summary should go on to provide a specific recommendation for action geared toward your audience. For example, the report on charging for personal calls was requested by the presidents office, not the individual departments and colleges who actually determine policy. As a result, the recommendation for action is geared toward what the presidents office should do, not the other departments involved. To learn more about writing recommendations: After summarizing the entire article and/or research report(s), an executive  summary ends with a one or two line recommendation for action. Simple Formula Executive summaries frequently make use of transitional phrases to encapsulate the preceding information in the same sentence as the recommendation. The format can almost be envisioned as a formula: [transitional word] + [concise statement of information provided in summary], I recommend that [corporation, office, person in question] do [recommendations]. More Complex Recommendations In other cases, the recommendation might be complicated enough to justify a summary of causes for the recommendation. In this case, the recommendation paragraph usually begins with a summary of how the writer reached the recommendation. Example Susies Cookies began as a small business in Cleveland, Ohio which has expanded to include 45 stores throughout the Midwest. Plans have already been instituted to expand sales nationwide, using the same mall-concept marketing strategy which has proven successful in the Midwest. Despite these plans, Susies Cookies may be in danger of bankruptcy. Susies quadrupled its sales in the last two quarters, realizing a profit of $750,000 in the current year, an increase of $250,000 over the previous year, due to its increase in advertising. To realize equivalent sale figures nationwide, however, it is projected that advertising costs will increase by 200% for the first two years of the national expansions. Further, construction costs for the new stores are estimated to be 20 million dollars. The result of increased advertising and construction costs will put a substantial debt burden on Susies cookies, an estimated $750,00 to 1 million a year. Given that sales did not reach current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been operating for five years, projected sales nationally will not cover expansion costs. As a result, Susies Cookies is likely to show a loss of almost $2 million for at least the next five years. Due to the high advertisement and development costs of national expansion. Susies Cookies may not be able to continue doing business in the future. Therefore, I recommend that Mrs. Fields does not participate in the hostile takeover  under consideration because the threat of competition will not be realized. Justification Finally, an executive summary provides an analysis and/or justification for the proposed action in terms the audience will consider important. In many cases, this might involve a monetary analysis as in the example to the right, but actions can be justified many ways, depending on the concerns of the audience and the topic of the report (e.g. for CSU these might include increase in student learning, better relationship with the community, etc.). justification for the recommendation by referring to information summarized. A recommendationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s justification is usually based on a reference to material already provided in the summary. In other cases, the justification for the recommendation might be complicated enough to justify a summary of causes for the justification. In this case, the recommendation paragraph usually begins with a summary of how the writer reached the conclusion that leads to the justification. Example Justification Based on the current number and length of long-distance personal calls by faculty, such a proposal would cost the university $150,000 annually. In comparison to the overall budget, this is a small amount, but one which might pay for itself in terms of faculty satisfaction and possible recruitment benefits. Example Susies Cookies began as a small business in Cleveland, Ohio which has expanded to include 45 stores throughout the Midwest. Plans have already been instituted to expand sales nationwide, using the same mall-concept marketing strategy which has proven successful in the Midwest. Despite these plans, Susies Cookies may be in danger of bankruptcy. Susies quadrupled its sales in the last two quarters, realizing a profit of $750,000 in the current year, an increase of $250,000 over the previous year, due to its increase in advertising. To realize equivalent sale figures nationwide, however, it is projected that advertising costs will increase by 200% for the first two years of the national expansions. Further, construction costs for the new stores are estimated to be 20 million dollars. The result of increased advertising and construction costs will put a substantial debt  burden on Susies cookies, an estimated $750,00 to 1 million a year. Given that sales did not reach current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been operating for five years, projected sales nationally will not cover expansion costs. As a result, Susies Cookies is likely to show a loss of almost $2 million for at least the next five years. Due to the high advertisement and development costs of national expansion. Susies Cookies may not be able to continue doing business in the future. Therefore, I recommend that Mrs. Fields does not participate in the hostile takeover under consideration because the threat of competition will not be realized. Example Executive Summary The Mountain Resort charges below average rental rates. (concise statement of findings) The attached report recommends a 20% increase in price for the following equipment: 1. downhill skis, 2. telemark skis, 3. boots/shoes for downhill, telemark, and cross-country skis. (specific recommendation for action) Based on average rental business for 1992-1995, these increases would generate an annual rental profit for Mountainview of $750,000. This figure represents an overall gain of $150,000 over current rental profits.(justification for proposed action) Additional Resources Other Writing Guides are available to help you write executive summaries. Choose any of the following for more information: †¢Purpose †¢Audience †¢Organization